A Timeline of Scotland’s Historical Events

Scottish and Crawford History lines

Timeline of Scotland’s Historical Events

(The aim of this page is to interlock the 3 aspects of history and how the House of Crawford had a part of that History. When completed there will be 3 timelines interlocked together to give the reader a robust understanding of the chronological events along that timeline. The first and underlying timeline has already been laid down. Interlocked into that will be the history of the Scottish monarchs and then into that, the House of Crawford historical information and the social and political standings that occurred)

Scotland consists of three distinct regions: the Highlands and Islands, a densely populated Central Belt, which includes the main cities of Edinburgh and Glasgow, and the Southern Uplands bordering England. The Outer Hebrides and the Inner Hebrides island groups lie to the west, with the Orkney Islands and Shetland Isles to the north. Once part of Norway, Shetland is nearer to that country than to Edinburgh, and retains a Norse character. English is spoken everywhere, and Gaelic speakers make up around 1.3% of the population, mainly in the northwest and the Hebrides. The old language of the south, Scots, sometimes described as a dialect of English, still heavily influences the usage of Scottish everyday speech. During the 19th century, Scotland became an industrial powerhouse, with mining, shipbuilding, heavy engineering and manufacturing supplying the needs of the expanding British Empire.

These industries declined in the second half of the 20th century, and the modern Scottish economy was transformed with the discovery of North Sea oil deposits in 1966, and a rapid development of the service sector. Politics: Scotland acquired its own parliament with devolved powers from the UK parliament in London following a 1997 referendum. Voters in 2014 opted to remain as part of the United Kingdom. although 45% favoured independence Culture and identity: Scottish engineering and scientific know-how played a major part in Britain’s industrialisation and overseas expansion. Scotland’s vistas are as as dramatic as it’s history, colourful, unique and breath taking.

1st century		Timeline of Scotland’s Historal Events
Year	Date	Event
84		Romans defeat Caledonians at the Battle of Mons Graupius.
2nd century
Year	Date	Event
122		Romans construct the Hadrian’s Wall.
143		Romans construct the Antonine Wall.
163		Romans withdraw south to Trimontium and Hadrian’s Wall.
3rd century
Year	Date	Event
300		The term Pict is first recorded in describing the federated tribes invaded by Constantius Chlorus.
4th century
Year	Date	Event
397		Traditional date at which Saint Ninian establishes a Christian mission at Whithorn.
5th century
Year	Date	Event
470		Votadini peoples form the kingdom of Gododdin in the region north of the River Tweed.
6th century
Year	Date	Event
547		Angles capture the Northumbrian fortress at Bamburgh and found the kingdom of Bernicia.
563		Saint Columba founds a monastery at Iona and begins his mission to the northern Picts.
574		Áedán mac Gabráin begins reign over the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata.
575		Western Scotland is granted independence from the Irish Dalriada, after a convention at Drum Ceatt near Derry.
580		Riderch I of Alt Clut rules region later known as the kingdom of Strathclyde.
584		Bruide son of Maelchon dies.
7th century
Year	Date	Event
604		Æthelfrith unites Bernicia and Deira to form the kingdom of Northumbria.
638		Northumbrians capture Edinburgh from Gododdin.
680		Trumwine Bishop of Abercorn.
681		Bruide mac Bili, King of Fortriu, campaigns against Orkney
685		Pictish King Bruide mac Bili defeats Ecgfrith of Northumbria at the Battle of Dun Nechtain, halting the northern expansion of Northumbria.
693		Bruide mac Bili dies
697		Bruide mac Der-Ilei among the signatories of the Cáin Adomnáin.
8th century
Year	Date	Event
717		Nechtan mac Der-Ilei expels Ionan clergy from Pictland and adopts Roman usages with the aid of Bishop Curetán; masons sent by Abbot Ceolfrid of Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Priory help build stone churches at Restenneth,Rosemarkie and elsewhere in eastern Scotland.
724		Drust and Nechtan mac Der-Ilei fight civil war (to 729)
732		Death of Nechtan mac Der-Ilei; Óengus mac Fergusa becomes King of the Picts.
735		Óengus mac Fergusa, King of the Picts, campaigns against Dál Riata, and seizes and burns the royal centre of Dunadd
736		Battle of Cnoc Coirpi between Fortriu and Dál Riata
741		Battle of Druimm Cathmail between Fortriu and Dál Riata; the “smiting of Dál Riata”, in which Dál Riata is subdued by Óengus mac Fergusa
747		St Andrews founded by this time, death of Abbot Túathalán.
750		Picts defeated by Britons at the Battle of Catohic
756		Óengus mac Fergusa allied with the English of Northumbria attacks the Britons; the English army is destroyed
761		Death of Óengus mac Fergusa.
763		Battle takes place in Fortriu between Ciniod and Áed Find; result unknown.
778		Death of Áed Find, King of Dál Riata
794		Annals of Ulster report the “wasting” of “all the islands of Britain by gentiles [Vikings]”
9th century
Year	Date	Event
802		Iona burned by Vikings
806		The monasteries under Iona are attacked by Vikings, killing 68 monks.
820		Death of Caustantín mac Fergusa
829		Abbot Diarmait, abbot of Iona, goes to Alba with relics of St Columba.
831		Diarmait of Iona goes to Ireland with relics of St Columba.
839		Eóganan mac Óengusa and his brother Bran killed in battle with Vikings, end of dominance of Fortriu.
843		Death of Kenneth mac Alpin, King of the Picts; “union of Picts and Scots” traditionally dated from his reign.
870		Alt Clut—Dumbarton Rock — captured by the Norse-Gael or Viking leaders Amlaíb Conung and Ímar after a six-month of siege
878		Kenneth mac Alpin’s son Áed killed; Giric becomes king.
889		Death of Giric; Domnall mac Causantín, grandson of Kenneth, becomes king.
890		Exodus of the Strathclyde Britons to Gwynedd (in Wales)
10th century
Year	Date	Event
900		Causantín mac Áeda succeeds Domnall mac Causantín.
937		Battle of Brunanburh English victory in 937 by the army of Æthelstan, King of England, and his brother Edmund over the combined armies of Olaf III Guthfrithson, the Norse-Gael King of Dublin, Constantine II, King of Scots, and Owen I, King of Strathclyde.
940		Saint Catroe of Metz leaves Scotland.
943		Causantín mac Áeda abdicates to become a culdee at St Andrews.
952		Death of Causantín mac Áeda.
954		Indulf captures Edinburgh from Northumbria.
11th century
Year	Date	Event
1058		After defeating Mac Bethad and Lulach, Máel Coluim III is proclaimed king.
12th century
Year	Date	Event
~1030-~1110		Thorlongus descended from a line of Danish Chiefs who ostensibly married into the family of the Anglo-Saxon King Alfred. In 1066, after the Normans defeated the Anglo-Saxons in the Battle of Hastings, William the Conquerer forced Thor and his family from Northumbria, where they had moved from Mercia, their original home in England. (since c. 890 AD). William ravaged Northumbria laying waste a wide swath through the province for the purpose of eliminating the last resistance within England to his rule. Thor escaped across the River Tweed where the Scottish King Malcolm Canmore granted him land around the town of Ednam. Thor settled and developed the area with his own resources. The seal below the document is Thor’s actual seal that was appended to a charter attributing his claim to the land of Ednam from Earl David (later King David I). Thor’s grandson, Galfridus, is thought by historians to have been the first Lord of the Barony of Crawford, granted to him by King Alexander I, though this charter names Throlongus and Lord of Crawford. Below is the affirmation of the grant of Ednam by Thor, about 1110AD, with Thorl’s seal. It is about 1110 and perhaps as an exchange with the lands of Crawford that Thorlongus may have been granted the barony of Crawford.
1124		David I becomes king and introduces the feudal system of landholding to much of Scotland.
1128		David I founds Holyrood Abbey at Edinburgh. Galfridus Swaneson de Crauford. Galfridus is named Lord of the Barony of Crawford by King Alexander I. Galfridus was the first to take the surname ‘de Crauford’. This must have been after King David I took the Scottish throne (in 1128) for it was the bringing of Norman knights into Scotland with him when he came back from the English royal court to assume the throne that the custom was instituted in Scotland.
1136 c 1139-1189		Glasgow Cathedral (St Kentigern’s, begun 1123) consecrated in the presence of David I. Swane Thorson of Swinton, Berwickshire
1153		Somerled sacks Glasgow and its vicinity.
1156		Somerled defeats the Norse King of Mann and the Isles, establishing his own semi-independent rule as ri Innse Gall-King of the Hebrides.
1164		Somerled is defeated by Malcolm IV in the Battle of Renfrew.
1174		William I signs the Treaty of Falaise in which he swears allegiance to Henry II of England.
13th century
Year	Date	Event
1234		Galloway’s independent existence ends with the death of Alan, Lord of Galloway.
1237		Southern border of Scotland established in the Treaty of York.
1263		Scots defeat Norwegians at Largs.
1266		Norway cedes the Hebrides and Isle of Man to Scotland in the Treaty of Perth.
1292		Edward I of England intervenes in Scottish affairs and grants the Scottish throne to John Balliol.
1297		Andrew de Moravia and William Wallace lead the Scots to victory over England at Stirling Bridge.
14th century
Year	Date	Event
1305		Wallace is executed in London.
1314		Robert the Bruce defeats the English at Bannockburn.
1320		Nobles assert Scottish independence in the Declaration of Arbroath.
1328		Treaty of Northampton. England recognises Scottish independence.
1329		Death of Robert the Bruce. His 5 year old son, David II succeeds him
1371		Robert II becomes first Stewart king.
15th century
Year	Date	Event
1402		English defeat Scots in the Battle of Nesbit Moor and the Battle of Humbleton Hill.
1413		Foundation of the University of St Andrews.
1451		Establishment of the University of Glasgow.
1468		Denmark cedes Orkney and Shetland from Norway to Scotland.
1493		Lordship of the Isles abolished. In 1540 the title was reserved to the crown.
1495		Creation of the University of Aberdeen (King’s College).
1496		Education Act of 1496 makes education compulsory for barons and wealthy landowners.
16th century
Year	Date	Event
1513		James IV and thousands of Scots are killed at Flodden.
1532		Creation of the College of Justice and the Court of Session.
1542		Death of James V
1559		John Knox returns to Scotland from Geneva to promote Calvinism.
1560		Parliament legislates Protestant Reformation of the Church of Scotland.
1561		Mary, Queen of Scots returns from France.
1568		Mary, Queen of Scots flees to England following the defeat of her army at the Battle of Langside..
1579		James VI takes over government from his regent, James Douglas.
1582		Establishment of the University of Edinburgh by Royal Charter.
1587		Mary is beheaded by the order of Queen Elizabeth I of England.
1589		James VI marries Anne of Denmark in Oslo.
1592		James VI enacts the “Golden Act” recognising the power of Presbyterianism within the Scottish church.
17th century
Year	Date	Event
1603		The Union of the Crowns: James VI of Scotland becomes James I of England.
1614		John Napier invents logarithms and publishes a book promoting their use in mathematics.
1618		James VI forces episcopacy on the Church of Scotland through the Five Articles of Perth.
1633		Education Act of 1633 ordains a school in every parish (partially successful).
1638		Scottish Covenanters rebel against Charles I.
1639		First Bishops’ War
1640		Second Bishops’ War
1642		First English Civil War (While it is known as an English Civil war it was in fact very much a British war) (to 1646)
1643		The Solemn League and Covenant promises Scots army to aid English parliamentarians against the king.
1648		Second English Civil War (to 1649)
1649		Third English Civil War (to 1651)
1650		Southern Scotland occupied by the English Commonwealth’s New Model Army following Scottish defeats at the Battle of Dunbar 1650 and the Battle of Hamilton during the Third English Civil War
1651	3-Sep	Battle of Worcester was a victory for New Model Army over the last major Royalist field army. Most of the Royalist officers and men who fought at Worcester were Scottish. For the next ten years, apart from some mopping up operations and a few insurrections, (all of which were easily suppressed) there was not further military resistance to rule from London.
1654	5-May	Oliver Cromwell issued several a proclamation at the Mercat Cross in Edinburgh. Oliver Cromwell was the Protector of England Ireland and Scotland, that Scotland was united with the Commonwealth of England (Tender of Union) and there was a general pardon with some exceptions for the people of Scotland for any actions taken during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms (Cromwell’s Act of Grace).
1660	14-May	The monarchy is restored in Scotland and Scotland resumes its status as a separate kingdom.
1661	May	Four men were executed for high treason for their actions against the Crown during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Archibald Campbell, 8th Earl of Argyll, James Guthrie, William Govan were all executed in May 1661 (the fourth Archibald Johnston, Lord Warriston fled abroad but returned to Scotland and was executed on 22 July 1663).
1661	6-Sep	The restoration of the Episcopacy was proclaimed by the Privy Council of Scotland.
1662		During the parliamentary session the Church of Scotland was restored as the national Church and all office-holders were required to renounced the Covenant.
1662	9-Sep	The Scottish parliament passed the Act of indemnity and oblivion. It was a general pardon for most types of crime that may have been committed by Scots, between 1 January 1637 and before 1 September 1660, during what the Act called “the late troubles” (the Wars of the Three Kingdoms and the Interregnum).
1679		James, Duke of Monmouth defeats Covenanters at the Battle of Bothwell Brig.
1689		Jacobite First Rising highlanders defeats army of William III at Killiecrankie, but are halted at Dunkeld.
		The Claim of Right and the re-establishment of Presbyterianism.
1692		Massacre of Glencoe.
1695		The Bank of Scotland is created by Act of Parliament.
1696		Education Act of 1696 ordains a school in every parish (successful; act governs education until the 1872 act).
18th century
Year	Date	Event
1707		The Union of the Parliaments: the Acts of Union are passed by both the Scottish and English parliaments.
1715		Jacobite rising.
1745		Jacobite rising.
1746		The Battle of Culloden ends the last Jacobite rising.
1748		David Hume publishes An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding.
1754		Joseph Black discovers “fixed air” (carbon dioxide).
1762		Land tenure reform leads to the Highland Clearances and massive emigration for several decades.
1769		James Watt patents idea for separate condensing chamber in the Steam engine.
1776		Adam Smith publishes The Wealth of Nations.
19th century
Year	Date	Event
1802		John Playfair publishes summary of James Hutton’s theories of Geology.
1805		The Glasgow Herald newspaper first published.
1817		The Scotsman newspaper first published.
1820		The “Radical War”.
1822		Visit of King George IV to Scotland organized by Sir Walter Scott.
1832		The Reform Act enlarges the franchise.
1843		The Disruption in the Church of Scotland (over the issue of patronage).
1846		Beginning of the ten-year Highland Potato Famine.
1847		The United Presbyterian Church of Scotland is established.
1864		James Clerk Maxwell presents equations describing electromagnetic fields.
1874		Patronage abolished in the Church of Scotland.
1878		Collapse of the City of Glasgow Bank
1879		William Ewart Gladstone conducts the Midlothian campaign as part of a political comeback.
		The Tay Bridge Disaster.
1885		Creation of the Scottish Office and the post of Secretary for Scotland, later Secretary of State for Scotland.
1890		Opening of the Forth Railway Bridge.
1896		Opening of the Glasgow Subway.
20th century
Year	Date	Event
1929		The Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland unite.
1934		Scottish National Party founded.
1938		The Empire Exhibition, Scotland 1938 is held at Bellahouston Park, Glasgow.
1941		The Clydebank Blitz (13–15 March).
1943		Creation of the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board to bring electricity to all parts of the Highlands and Islands.
1945		First Scottish Nationalist MP is elected.
1947		Nationalisation of the railways – the Scottish Region of British Railways is created.
		The first Edinburgh International Festival is held.
1950		The Stone of Destiny is removed from Westminster Abbey.
1957		Scottish Television starts broadcasting.
1968		The General Assembly of the Church of Scotland permits the ordination of women as ministers.
1975		Local government reorganisation (replacing Counties and Burghs for administrative purposes with Regions and Districts).
1978		Launch of BBC Radio Scotland.
1979		Referendum to create a Scottish Assembly wins a majority but fails to win 40% of electorate. Act is therefore repealed without being put into effect.
1988		Terrorists blow up Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie with the loss of 270 lives, including 11 residents of the town.
1994		Local government reorganisation (replacing the Regions and Districts with single-tier councils).
1996		The Stone of Destiny is permanently returned to Scotland, to be housed in Edinburgh Castle.
1997		Newly elected Labour UK Government under the leadership of Scots-born Prime Minister Tony Blair legislates for a referendum on a devolved Scottish Parliament which is passed by a large majority.
1999		A Scottish Parliament sits for the first time in 272 years. Donald Dewar of the Scottish Labour Party elected as First Minister and forms Scottish Executive in coalition with the Scottish Liberal Democrats.
21st century
Year	Date	Event
2004	9-Oct	Opening of the new Scottish Parliament Building.
2007		The Scottish National Party become the largest party in the Scottish Parliament and forms a minority government.
2011		The Scottish National Party under Alex Salmond gain an overall majority of the Scottish Parliament.
2012		Rangers FC enters liquidation process after 140 years of history
2013		The Church of Scotland’s ruling General Assembly votes to allow actively gay men and women to become ministers.
2014	18-Sep	Scotland has a referendum on national independence. Result is to remain part of the UK, by 55% to 45%.
2015	8-May	The Scottish National Party wins 50% of the popular vote in the UK General Election, securing 56 out of the 59 seats in Scotland.